• Indian Diaspora-

The first wave of migrants 

• During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; 
• to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and
• by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers.
• All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as GIRMIT Act (Indian Emigration Act).

The second wave of migrants 

• professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. 
• There was a steady out flow of India‟s semi-skilled and skilled labor in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries.

Third wave, of migrant 

• professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc.
• These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. 
• After liberalization, in the 90s education and knowledge–based Indian emigration has made Indian Diaspora one of the most powerful diaspora as in the world.
• In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries.

Migration- 

• Census in India contains information about migration in the country
• Migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. 
• Data were recorded on the basis of place of birth
• first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). 
• Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses.
• In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases :

(i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant);

(ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence).

Streams of Migration-

1. Internal migration (within the country)-

• rural to rural (R-R);
• rural to urban (R-U);
• urban to urban (U-U); and
• urban to rural (U-R).
•  The stream was dominated by female migrants. Most of these were migrants related to marriage
• men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons

2. International migration (out of the country and into the country from other countries)

• than 5 million person have migrated to India from other countries. 
• Bangladesh (3.0 million) followed by Pakistan (0.9 million) and Nepal (0.5 million)
• 20 million people of Indian Diaspora, spread across 110 countries.

3. Maharashtra occupied first place in the list with 2.3 million net in-migrants (interstate), followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana.

4. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the states, which had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state

Causes of Migration-

1. Push factor, these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin

• people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure on the land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education, etc.
• natural disasters such as, flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake, 
• Diaspora one of the most powerful diaspora as in the world.
• In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries.

Migration-

• Census in India contains information about migration in the country
• Migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. 
• Data were recorded on the basis of place of birth
• first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere).
• Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses.
• In  the  Census  of  India  migration is enumerated on two bases :

(i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration  (known  as  life-time   migrant);

(ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). 

Streams of Migration-

1. Internal migration (within the country)-

rural to rural (R-R);

rural to urban (R-U);

urban to  urban (U-U); and

urban   to rural (U-R). 

• The stream was dominated by female migrants. Most of these were migrants related to marriage
• men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons 

2. International migration (out of the country and into the country from other countries) 

• than 5 million person have migrated to India from other countries. 
• Bangladesh (3.0 million) followed by Pakistan (0.9 million) and Nepal (0.5 million)
• 20 million people of Indian Diaspora, spread across 110 countries. 

3. Maharashtra occupied first place in the list with 2.3 million net in-migrants (interstate), followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana.

4. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the states, which had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state 

Causes of Migration-

1. Push factor, these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin

• people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure on the land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education, etc. 
• natural disasters such as, flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake.

2. Pull factors, which attract the people from different places 

• The rural migrants to urban areas is the better opportunities, availability of regular work and relatively higher wages.
• Better opportunities for education, better health facilities and sources of entertainment, etc.