{"id":4201,"date":"2022-07-06T07:50:53","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T07:50:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lltonline.org\/?page_id=4201"},"modified":"2022-07-06T09:36:20","modified_gmt":"2022-07-06T09:36:20","slug":"lecture-4th-to-12-century","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/lecture-4th-to-12-century\/","title":{"rendered":"Lecture: 4th to 12 century"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4201\" class=\"elementor elementor-4201\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bc5658 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bc5658\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56f6db0\" data-id=\"56f6db0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dca41e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"dca41e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center center;object-position:center center}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lltonline.org\/Class%20Contents\/Assam%20History%20-%20Upal\/AH-4.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" controls=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd58758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd58758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ancient History of Assam begins with the Ancient kingdom of Kamrupa.\u00a0 Some\u00a0 of\u00a0 the\u00a0 major dynasties of Kamrupa are:<\/span><\/p><ol><li><strong>Varman Dynasty<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Salasthambha Dynasty<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Pala Dynasty<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kamarupa also called Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa), an early state during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent was (along with Davaka) the first historical\u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 of Assam. Though Kamarupa existed from 350 CE to 1140 CE, Davaka was absorbed by Kamarupa in the\u00a0 5th century CE.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruled by three dynasties from their capitals in present-day Guwahati, North Guwahati and Tezpur, Kamarupa at its height covered the entire Brahmaputra Valley, North Bengal, Bhutan and northern part of Bangladesh, and at times portions of what is now West Bengal and Bihar.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though the historical kingdom disappeared by the 12th century to be replaced by smaller political entities, the notion\u00a0 of Kamarupa persisted and ancient and medieval chroniclers continued to call this region by this name. In the 16th century the Ahom kingdom came into prominence and assumed for itself the political and territorial legacy of the Kamarupa kingdom. The earliest mention of a kingdom comes from the 4th-century Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta that calls the kings of Kamarupa and Davaka frontier rulers (pratyanta nripati).<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u00a0 Chinese \u00a0 traveler Xuanzang visited \u00a0 the \u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 \u00a0 in\u00a0 \u00a0 the\u00a0 \u00a0 7th\u00a0 \u00a0 century,\u00a0 \u00a0 then\u00a0 \u00a0 ruled by Bhaskaravarman. The corpus of Kamarupa inscriptions left by the rulers of Kamarupa, including Bhaskaravarman, at various places in Assam and present-day Bangladesh are important sources of information. Nevertheless, local grants completely eschew the name Kamarupa; instead they use the name Pragjyotisha, with the kings called Pragjyotishadhipati. According to the 10th century Kalika Purana and the 7th century Xuanzang, the western boundary was the historical Karatoya River. The eastern border was the temple of the goddess Tamreshvari (P\u016brv\u0101te K\u0101mar\u016bpasya dev\u012b Dikkaravasini, given in Kalika Purana) near present-day Sadiya.The southern boundary was near the border between the Dhaka and Mymensingh districts in Bangladesh. Thus it spanned the entire Brahmaputra\u00a0 valley\u00a0 and Northeast\u00a0 India and\u00a0 at\u00a0 various\u00a0 times \u00a0 included \u00a0 parts \u00a0 of \u00a0 present day Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The kingdom appears to have broken up entirely by the 13th century into smaller kingdoms and from \u00a0 among\u00a0 \u00a0 them\u00a0 \u00a0 rose\u00a0 \u00a0 the Kamata\u00a0 \u00a0 kingdom in\u00a0 \u00a0 the\u00a0 \u00a0 west\u00a0 \u00a0 and\u00a0 \u00a0 the Ahom, Dimasa and the Chutiya kingdoms as the main successors, with the Baro-Bhuyans ruling intervening areas.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Davaka\u00a0 was \u00a0 a\u00a0 \u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 \u00a0 of\u00a0 ancient\u00a0 \u00a0 Indian\u00a0 \u00a0 subcontinent,\u00a0 \u00a0 located\u00a0 \u00a0 in\u00a0 \u00a0 current\u00a0 \u00a0 central\u00a0 \u00a0 region of Assam state. The\u00a0 references\u00a0 to \u00a0 it \u00a0 comes \u00a0 from \u00a0 the \u00a0 4th \u00a0 century \u00a0 Allahabad \u00a0 pillar \u00a0 inscription of Samudragupta, where it is mentioned as one of five frontier kingdoms of the Gupta Empire; the Shung-Shu History of the Liu Song dynasty, where the kingdom\u00a0 is named Kapili (now the name\u00a0 of a river); the Gachtal stone pillar inscription written in Kamrupi Prakrit. N K Bhattasali has identified it with Dabaka in modern Nagaon district, with the\u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 associated\u00a0 with\u00a0 the Kopili-Kolong river valley.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In\u00a0 4th-century\u00a0 Davaka\u00a0 was\u00a0 mentioned\u00a0 as\u00a0 frontier\u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 with Kamarupa in\u00a0 the Samudragupta&#8217;s Prayaga stone inscription, which was later absorbed by 6th or 7th century by western kingdom of Kamarupa. Though later historians like B N Puri (1968) and P C Choudhury (1959) claim that it was absorbed much earlier in the first half of the 5th century during the reign of Kalyana Varman (422-446).Its capital was located near Kapili river. In the year 428 A.D, an embassy was sent to China by Davaka king, whose name according to Chinese sources is Yuegnai or Yu Chai.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Rulers of the Varman Dynasty<br \/><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Varman Dynasty (c 355-650)<\/strong><\/span><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Varman dynasty was the first historical dynasty of the Kamarupa kingdom. It was established by Pushyavarman, a contemporary of Samudragupta The kingdom which he established with much effort, grew in the periphery of the Gupta Empire, adopted the north Indian political model, and its kings took on names and titles of the Gupta kings and queens.The earlier\u00a0 Varmans\u00a0 were subordinates of the Gupta Empire, but as the power of the Guptas waned, Mahendravarman (470- 494) performed two horse sacrifices and status of Kamarupa as Independent state remained unimpaired<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Sl. No<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>King<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Period(Circa)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pushya Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">355-380 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Samudra Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">380-405 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bala Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">405-420 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalyan Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">420-440 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ganapati Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">440-450 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahendra Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">450-485 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Narayan Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">485-510 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahabhuti Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">510-555 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandramukh Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">555-565 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sthita Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">565-585 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susthita Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">585-593 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supratisthita Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">593-594 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bhaskar Varman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">594-650 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Allahabad Prasasti\u00a0 of\u00a0 Samudragupta,\u00a0 the\u00a0 ruler\u00a0 of\u00a0 Kamarupa\u00a0 was\u00a0 mentioned\u00a0 as\u00a0 a frontier ruler (Pratyanta-nrpatis) of the great Gupta emperor. As per Apsad Inscription of Adityasen, Susthivarman was defeated by Mahasengupta on the bank of Lauhitya.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0 capital\u00a0 was\u00a0 Pragjyotishpura\u00a0 and located\u00a0 at \u00a0 the \u00a0 south-eastern \u00a0 slope \u00a0 of \u00a0 the \u00a0 Narakasur \u00a0 hill near Dispur.\u00a0 \u00a0 The \u00a0 \u00a0 dynastic line\u00a0 \u00a0 from \u00a0 \u00a0 Pushyavarman \u00a0 \u00a0 first \u00a0 \u00a0 appear \u00a0 \u00a0 in \u00a0 \u00a0 the \u00a0 \u00a0 7th \u00a0 \u00a0 century, in Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 inscriptions \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 issued\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 by\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Bhaskaravarman\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 and\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 in the Harshacharita, though\u00a0 the\u00a0 descriptions\u00a0 are\u00a0 panegyric,\u00a0 repetitive\u00a0 and\u00a0 devoid\u00a0 of \u00a0 dates.Though some modern scholars have opined that the Varman dynasty is probably of Indo-Aryan descent, it is now believed that the Varmans were originally non-Indo-Aryans.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suniti Kumar Chatterjee calls Bhaskaravarman a Hinduised Mlechcha king of Indo-Mongoloid origin. Hugh B. Urban (2011) too infers that the Varmans descended from non-Aryan tribes.<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Important Rulers:<br \/>Pushya Varman (c. 350-380 AD)<\/span><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Founder of Varman Dynasty<\/span><\/li><li>Contemporary of great Gupta Ruler Samudra Gupta<\/li><li>Took the title-MaharajadhirajalI<\/li><li>Ensured steps to establish Kamrupa as a frontier state<\/li><\/ul><p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Samudra Varman (c. 380-405 AD)<\/span><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Son of Pushya Varman<\/span><\/li><li>Contemporary of great Gupta Ruler Chandra Gupta II (Vikramaditya)<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Mahendra Varman (c. 450-485 AD)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First Varman Dynasty king to conduct Aswamedh ritual.<\/span><\/li><li>The first king of Kamrupa who waged a successful war against Gupta army.<\/li><li>He possibly liberated Varman Dynasty from Gupta dominance.<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Mahabhuti Varman (c. 510-555 AD)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During his reign a big portion of north bengal and bihar was included within the kingdom of kamrupa<\/span><\/li><li>Came to be known as Parama Bhagavata (Inclination towards vasihnavism)<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Mahabhuti Varman , certain later varman rulers showed weakness\u00a0 and\u00a0 consequently\u00a0 were defeated by later Guptas As a result, the Kingdom of Kamrupa contracted in the west and the river Karotoya became the boundary<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Bhaskar Varman<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last and greatest king of the Varman dynasty and a contemporary of Harshavardhan (606- 648 AD)<\/span><\/li><li>Harshavardhan honoured Bhaskar Varman at a conference held at Kanauj<\/li><li>During his reign, Kamrupa became a dominant power in all India politics.<\/li><li>He jointly with Harshavardhana of Kanauj defeated ruler of Bengal called Sasanka and forced him to flee to Orissa<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang lived in the court of Bhaskar varman for some time<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assamese Calendar (Bh\u0101skar\u0101bda) is counted from the date of the ascension of Kumar Bhaskar Barman to the throne of Kamrup<\/span><\/li><li>The\u00a0 achievements\u00a0 of\u00a0 Bhaskar\u00a0 Varman\u00a0 are\u00a0 mentioned\u00a0 in\u00a0 Bana\u00a0 Bhatta\u2018s\u00a0 \u2017Harsha-Charita\u2018, Hiuen Tsang\u2018s \u2017Si-Yu-Ki\u2018\u00a0 and various inscriptions\u00a0 found<\/li><li>He was a bachelor king, that is why he was known as Kumar Bhaskar Varman.<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 dynastic \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 line \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 from \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Pushyavarman \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 first \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 appear \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 in \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 the \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 7th \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 century, in Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 inscriptions\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 issued\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 by\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Bhaskaravarman\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 and \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 in the Harshacharita\u00a0 The Dubi \u00a0 copperplate \u00a0 inscriptions are\u00a0 the\u00a0 inscriptions \u00a0 of \u00a0 a\u00a0 grant \u00a0 issued by Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa. This is the earliest of all copper plate grants issued by Kamarupa kings discovered so far. This was an issue after an earlier charter, issued by Mahabhuti Varman , was destroyed. All six plates in this grant were first discovered around 1950 during digging near a Siva temple in Dubi village about three miles from the Pathshala railway station, Kamrup district.These plates are currently in the Assam\u00a0 State\u00a0 Museum.This\u00a0 plate\u00a0 was\u00a0 issued\u00a0 before the Nidhanpur copperplate inscription, during the earlier part of Bhaskkaravarman&#8217;s reign.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nidhanpur copperplate inscription of the 7th century Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman gives a detailed account of land grants given to Brahmins.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The copper plates were discovered on 29 December 1912, in the village of Nidhanpur in Panchakhanda near what is now Sylhet in Bangladesh. The copper plates were found mostly in Panchakhanda pargana where historians opined that actual granted lands are located. The inscriptions recorded by Bhaskaravarman in different parts of India provide a detailed account of his rule and associate events.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was customary among the kings of Kamarupa to issue seals for every major event related to the kingdom be they giving land grants to Brahmins or winning a war.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Hiuen Tsang<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang came to India around 630 AD<\/span><\/li><li>Around 643 AD, during the Bhaskar Varman reign, Hiuen Tsang visited Kamrupa and remained in his court for some time.<\/li><li>He compiled his accounts in his book \u2017Si-Yu-Ki\u2018<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The account of Hiuen\u00a0 Tsang\u00a0 provides\u00a0 various\u00a0 insight\u00a0 on\u00a0 the\u00a0 socio-economic\u00a0 and\u00a0 geographical features of the kingdom of Kamrupa. In his account, he mentions about the language spoken being different from north India, People\u00a0 worshipped\u00a0 to\u00a0 Devas\u00a0 and\u00a0 performed\u00a0 sacrifices\u00a0 and\u00a0 the\u00a0 Hindus were divided into many sects. There was minimum following of Buddhism at that period.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Salasthambha Dynasty (c. 650 \u2013 c. 900)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Salasthambha dynasty was the next in line which began with the reign of a chieftain called Salasthambha.The Salasthambha dynasty is also called Mlechchha dynasty.\u00a0 The Mlechchha dynasty ruled Kamarupa from\u00a0 their\u00a0 capital\u00a0 at\u00a0 Harruppesvar\u00a0 (Dah \u00a0 Parvatiya) \u00a0 in \u00a0 the \u00a0 present day Tezpur, Assam.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According\u00a0 to historical records, there were twenty one rulers in this\u00a0 dynasty,\u00a0 but\u00a0 the line\u00a0 is\u00a0 obscure and the names of some intervening rulers are\u00a0 not known. Mleccha may be sanskritized form of tribal name\u00a0 mech\u00a0 Suniti\u00a0 Kumar \u00a0 Chatterji\u00a0 claims \u00a0 that \u00a0 Salastambha \u00a0 (650-675) \u00a0 was \u00a0 a Bodo-Kachari chief of Mech (Sanskritized as Mleccha). According to some historians, the\u00a0 remnant\u00a0 of\u00a0 the\u00a0 Mlechchha kingdom formed the later Kachari kingdom.<\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Sl. No<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>King<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Period (circa)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salastamba<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">650 \u2013 675 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vigrahastambha (Vijaya )<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">675 \u2013 725 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Palaka<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kumara<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vajradeva<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harshadeva<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">alias<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harshavarman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">725 \u2013 750 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balavarman II<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">760 \u2013 765 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">765 \u2013 790 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chakra<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aradhi<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salambha<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">790 \u2013 810 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arathi<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">810 \u2013 815 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harjjaravarman<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">815 \u2013 835 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vanamalavarmadeva<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">835 \u2013 865 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jayamala alias Virabahu<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">865 \u2013 885 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balavarman III<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">885 -910AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">910 \u2013 970 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tyagasimha<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">970 \u2013 990 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among all the kings of the Salasthambha dynasty, it was Shri Harshadeva (725-750 AD) who acquitted himself as a good king. His kingdom extended upto Gaur (North Bengal),\u00a0 Orissa, Kalinga and Kushal (North Bihar).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another Great King of this dynasty was Harjjaravarman. He was the first in this dynasty to get the throne in vedic rituals.He established the capital at Harupeswar (Tezpur). According to some historians, the remnant of the Mlechchha kingdom formed the later Kachari kingdom.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Pala Dynasty (c 990 \u2013 1138AD)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brahmapala (990-1010 AD) was the founder of Pala Dynasty.Ratnapala (1010 -1040 AD), the son of Brahmapala was the most famous king of this dynasty. Jayapala (1120-1138 AD) was the last ruler of this dynasty.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Rulers of Pala Dynasty<\/strong><\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sl. No.<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">King<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Period (circa)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bramhapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">990 \u2013 1010 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ratnapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1010 \u2013 1040 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indrapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1040 \u2013 1065 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gopala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1065 \u2013 1080 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harshapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1080 \u2013 1095 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dhatmapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1095 \u2013 1120 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jayapala<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1120 \u2013 1138 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Important Rulers<br \/>Ratna pal<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was the most famous King and great administrator. He shifted the capital\u00a0 to\u00a0 Guwahati\u00a0 and named it Shri Durjoya. He took the title of Maharajadhiraja (Similar to Varman and thus try to establish legitimacy)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Dharmapal<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He may have shifted the capital to North Guwahati.The Pala dynasty came to\u00a0 an\u00a0 end\u00a0 when Kamarupa was invaded by the Gaur king of Bengal &#8211; Ramapala (c. 1072-1126).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timgyadeva was made the governor of Kamarupa who ruled between 1110 and 1126 AD. Timgyadeva threw off the yoke of the Pala king and ruled independently for some years when he was attacked and replaced by Baidyadeva under Ramapala&#8217;s son Kumarapala.Baidyadeva, who ruled\u00a0 between 1126 and 1140 AD, declared independence within four years of his rule after the death of Kumarapala. Both Timgyadeva and Baidyadeva issued grants in the style of the Kamarupa kings (three copper plates attached to the seal of the Kamarupa kings by a ring). The work of the pala dynasty of Kamarupa is reflected in the Madan Kamdev sculpture.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Kamrupa Kings after Palas (1138-1440 AD)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the Pala Dynasty ended, Kings such as Bhingadev, Baidyadeva, Rayridev, Uday Karna and Balladeva and Prithu ruled over kamrupa.During the reign of Prithu, in 1206 and 1226, Bengal Sultanate Mohammad Ibn Bakhtiyar invaded Kamrupa.In 1228, Delhi Sulatanate Illtutmish killed Prithu. With the collapse of Pala Dynasty of Kamrupa, ancient history of Assam ended.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Various Kings ruling different parts of kamarupa after collapse of Palas<\/strong><\/span><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S. No<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">King<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Period(circa)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baidyadeva<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1138 \u2013 1185 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rayridev<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1138 \u2013 1185 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Udaykarna<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1138 \u2013 1185 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balladeva<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1138 \u2013 1185 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prithu<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1185 \u2013 1228 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sandhya<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1228 \u2013 1260 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sindhurai<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1260 \u2013 1285 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rupnarayan<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1285 \u2013 1300 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Singhadhvaj<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1300 \u2013 1305 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pratap Dhvaj<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1305 \u2013 1325 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dharmanarayn<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1325 \u2013 1330 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Durlabhnarayan<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1330 \u2013 1350 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indranarayan<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1350 \u2013 1365 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arimatta\/Sasanka<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1365 \u2013 1385 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gajanka<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1385 \u2013 1400 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shukranka<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1400 \u2013 1415 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mriganka<\/span><\/p><\/td><td><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1415 \u2013 1440 AD<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Important Kings ruling different parts of kamarupa after collapse of Palas<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baidyadev<\/span><\/li><li>Prithu<\/li><li>Sandhya<\/li><li>Durlabhnarayan<\/li><li>Arimatta\/Sasanka<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>http:\/\/www.lltonline.org\/Class%20Contents\/Assam%20History%20-%20Upal\/AH-4.mp4 The Ancient History of Assam begins with the Ancient kingdom of Kamrupa.\u00a0 Some\u00a0 of\u00a0 the\u00a0 major dynasties of Kamrupa are: Varman Dynasty Salasthambha Dynasty Pala Dynasty Kamarupa also called Pragjyotisha or Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa), an early state during the Classical period on the Indian subcontinent was (along with Davaka) the first historical\u00a0 kingdom\u00a0 of Assam. Though [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"folder":[14],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4201"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4201"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4217,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4201\/revisions\/4217"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=4201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}