{"id":1488,"date":"2021-08-12T15:10:24","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:10:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lltonline.org\/?page_id=1488"},"modified":"2021-08-12T15:10:30","modified_gmt":"2021-08-12T15:10:30","slug":"indus-valley-civilization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/indus-valley-civilization\/","title":{"rendered":"Indus Valley Civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1488\" class=\"elementor elementor-1488\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e211f2c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e211f2c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b52abb\" data-id=\"4b52abb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f97364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f97364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indus Valley Civilization<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60ff268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60ff268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2>Features of Indus Valley Civilization<\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization<span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">In 1920s, the Archaeological Department of India carried out excavations in the Indus valley wherein the ruins of the two old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were unearthed.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">On the valleys of river Indus.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Also known as Harappan Civilization.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Beginning of city life.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Harappan Sites discovered by \u2013 Dayaram Sahni (1921) \u2013 Montgomery district, Punjab, Pakistan.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Mohenjodaro discovered by \u2013 R. D. Banerji \u2013 Larkana district, Sind, Pakistan.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The city was divided into Citadel(west) and Lower Town(east).<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Red pottery painted with designs in black.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Stone weights, seals, special beads, copper tools, long stone blades etc.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Copper, bronze, silver, gold present.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Artificially produced \u2013 Faience.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Specialists for handicrafts.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Import of raw materials.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Plough was used.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Bodies were buried in wooden coffins, but during the later stages \u2018H symmetry culture\u2019 evolved where bodies were buried in painted burial urns.<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Sugar cane not cultivated, horse, iron not used<\/span><\/h2><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7977ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7977ab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c48e873\" data-id=\"c48e873\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e9784 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"22e9784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 20-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/39864_webp.net-compress-image_7-300x100.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1170\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/39864_webp.net-compress-image_7-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/lltonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/39864_webp.net-compress-image_7.jpg 460w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d72107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d72107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Indus Valley Sites and Specialties<br \/><i><br \/><\/i><\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">HARAPPA<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Seals out of stones<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Citadel outside on banks of river Ravi<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">MOHENJODARO<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0Great Bath, Great Granary, Dancing Girl, Man with Beard, Cotton, Assembly hall<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The term means \u201d Mount of the dead\u201d<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">On the bank of river Indus<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Believed to have been destructed by flood or invasion (Destruction was not gradual).<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">CHANHUDARO<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Bank of Indus river. \u2013 discovered by Gopal Majumdar and Mackey (1931)<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Pre-Harappan culture \u2013 Jhangar Culture and Jhukar Culture<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Only cite without citadel.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">KALIBANGAN<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">At Rajasthan on the banks of river Ghaggar, discovered by A. Ghosh (1953)<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Fire Altars<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Bones of camel<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Evidence of furrows<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Horse remains ( even though Indus valley people didn\u2019t use horses).<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Known as third capital of the Indus Empire.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">LOTHAL<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">At Gujarat near Bhogava river, discovered by S.R. Rao (1957)<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Fire Altars<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Beside the tributary of Sabarmati<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0Storehous<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Dockyard and earliest port<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">double burial<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Rice husk<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">House had front entrance (exception).<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">ROPAR<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Punjab, on the banks of river Sutlej. Discovered by Y.D Sharma (1955)<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Dog buried with humans.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">BANAWALI<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Haryana<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">On banks of lost river Saraswathi<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Barley Cultivation.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">DHOLAVIRA<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Biggest site in India, until the discovery of Rakhigarhi.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Located in Khadir Beyt, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Discovered by J.P Joshi\/Rabindra Singh (1990)<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">3 parts + large open area for ceremonies<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Large letters of the Harappan script (signboards).<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Phases of Indus Valley Civilization<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Three phases of IVC are:<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE,<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Late Harappan Phase from 1900 to 1300 BCE.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Early Harappan Phase is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The earliest examples of the Indus script date back to 3000 BC.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">This phase stands characterized by centralized authority and an increasingly urban quality of life.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Trade networks had been established and there are also evidences of the cultivation of crops. Peas, sesame seeds, dates, cotton, etc., were grown during that time.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Kot Diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan Phase.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">By 2600 BC, the Indus Valley Civilization had entered into a mature stage.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The early Harappan communities were turning into large urban centers, like Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Lothal in India.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The signs of a gradual decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization are believed to have started around 1800 BC and by1700 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">However, one can see the various elements of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization in later cultures.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Archaeological data indicates the persistence of the Late Harappan culture till 1000-900 BC.Town Planning and Structures<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Harappa and Mohenjodaro each had its own citadel or acropolis, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town containing brick houses, which were inhabited by the common people.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed the grid system.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Granaries constituted an important part of the Harappan cities.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The use of burnt bricks in the Harappan cities is remarkable, because in the contemporary buildings of Egypt mainly dried bricks were used.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The drainage system of Mohenjodaro was very impressive.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">In almost all cities every big or small house had its own courtyard and bathroom.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">In Kalibangan many houses had their wells.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">At sites such as Dholavira and Lothal (Gujarat), the entire settlement was fortified, and sections within the town were also separated by walls.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Agriculture<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappan villages, mostly situated near the flood plains, produced sufficient food grains.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0Wheat, barley, rai, peas, sesame, lentil, chickpea and mustard were produced. Millets are also found from sites in Gujarat. While rice uses were relatively rare.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">While the prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grain, it is more difficult to reconstruct actual agricultural practices.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Representations on seals and terracotta sculpture indicate that the bull was known, and archaeologists extrapolate shows oxen were also used for ploughing.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Most Harappan sites are located in semi-arid lands, where irrigation was probably required for agriculture.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Traces of canals have been found at the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, but not in Punjab or Sindh.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Although the Harappans practised agriculture, animals were also reared on a large scale.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Evidence of the horse comes from a superficial level of Mohenjodaro and from a doubtful terracotta figurine from\u00a0Lothal. In any case the Harappan culture was not horse centred.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Economy<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The importance of trade in the life of the Indus people is witnessed by the presence of numerous seals, uniform script and regulated weights and measures in a wide area.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappans carried on considerable trade in stone, metal, shell, etc.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Metal money was not used and trade was carried by barter system.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">They practised navigation on the coast of the Arabian Sea.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">They had set up a trading colony in northern Afghanistan which evidently facilitated trade with Central Asia.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">They also carried commerce with those in the land of the Tigris and the Euphrates.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappans carried on long distance trade in lapis lazuli; which may have contributed to the social prestige of the ruling class.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Crafts<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappans were very well acquainted with the manufacturing and use of Bronze.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Copper was obtained from the Khetri copper mines of Rajasthan and Tin was possibly brought from Afghanistan.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Textile impressions have also been found on several objects.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Huge brick structure suggest that brick-laying was an important craft. This also attests the existence of a class of masons.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The Harappans practised boat-making, bead making and seal-making. Terracotta manufacture was also an important<br \/>craft.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The potter&#8217;s wheel was in full use, and the Harappans produced their own characteristic pottery, which was glossy and shining.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Institutions<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Very few written materials have been discovered in the Indus valley and the scholars have not been able to decipher the Indus script so far.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">As a result, there is difficulty in understanding the nature of the state and institutions of the Indus Valley Civilization.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">No temples have been found at any Harappan sites. Therefore the possibility of priests ruling Harappa can be eliminated.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Harappa was possibly ruled by a class of merchants.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">If we look for a centre of power or for depictions of people in power, archaeological records provide no immediate answers.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers, and that everybody enjoyed equal status.<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Another theory argues that there was no single ruler, but a number of rulers representing each of the urban centers.<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Religion<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">In Harappa numerous terracotta figurines of women have been found. In one figurine a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 The Harappans, therefore, looked upon the earth as a fertility goddess and worshipped her in the same manner as the Egyptians worshipped the Nile goddess Isis.<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0The male deity is represented on a seal with three horned heads, represented in the sitting posture of a yogi.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 This god is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and has a buffalo below his throne. At his feet appear two deer. The depicted god is identified as Pushupati Mahadeva.<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone have been found.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The people of the Indus region also worshipped trees and Animals.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The most important of them is the one horned unicorn which may be identified with the rhinoceros and the next important was the humped bull.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Amulets have also been found in large numbers.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">The IVC declined around 1800 BCE but the actual reasons behind its demise are still debated.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">One theory claims that Indo-European tribe i.e. Aryans invaded and conquered the IVC.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 In later cultures various elements of the IVC are found which suggest that civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion.<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">On the other hand, many scholars believe natural factors are behind the decline of the IVC.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The natural factors could be geological and climatic.<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 It is believed that the Indus Valley region experienced several tectonic disturbances which causes earthquakes. Which also changed courses of rivers or dried them up.<\/span><\/h2><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Another natural reason might be changes in patterns of rainfall.<\/span><\/h2><ul><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">There could be also dramatic shifts in the river courses, which might have brought floods to the food producing areas.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><li><h2><span style=\"font-weight: normal;\">Due to combination of\u00a0these natural causes there was a slow but inevitable collapse of IVC.<\/span><\/h2><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indus Valley Civilization Features of Indus Valley Civilization The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India. The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"folder":[14],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1488"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1488"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1492,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1488\/revisions\/1492"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lltonline.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=1488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}